![]() ![]() Modern Chinese sources often give the personal name of Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with Ying ( 嬴) taken as the surname and Zheng ( 政) the given name. "Qin Shi Huang" in seal script (top) and regular (bottom) Chinese characters ![]() Regardless, according to the sinologist Michael Loewe "few would contest the view that the achievements of his reign have exercised a paramount influence on the whole of China's subsequent history, marking the start of an epoch that closed in 1911". Since the mid 20th-century, scholars have begun to question this evaluation, inciting considerable discussion on the actual nature of his policies and reforms. ![]() Historically, Qin Shi Huang was often portrayed as a tyrannical ruler and strict Legalist, in part from the Han dynasty's scathing assessments of him. He ruled until his death in 210 BC, during his fifth tour of Eastern China. His public works projects included the incorporation of diverse state walls into a single Great Wall of China and a massive new national road system, as well as his city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army. He is traditionally said to have banned and burned many books and executed scholars. Qin Shi Huang also worked with his minister Li Si to enact major economic and political reforms aimed at the standardization of the diverse practices of the earlier Chinese states. During his reign, his generals greatly expanded the size of the Chinese state: campaigns south of Chu permanently added the Yue lands of Hunan and Guangdong to the Chinese cultural orbit, and campaigns in Inner Asia conquered the Ordos Loop from the nomadic Xiongnu, although the Xiongnu later rallied under Modu Chanyu. By the age of 38 in 221 BC, he had conquered all the other Warring States and unified all of China, and he ascended the throne as China's first emperor. The wealthy merchant Lü Buwei assisted him in succeeding his father as the ruler of Qin, after which he became Zheng, King of Qin. His self-invented title "emperor" would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia.īorn in the Zhao state capital Handan, as Ying Zheng ( 嬴政) or Zhao Zheng ( 趙政), his parents were King Zhuangxiang of Qin and Lady Zhao. Rather than maintain the title of " king" ( 王, wáng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled China from 221 to 210 BC as the first "emperor" ( 皇帝, huáng dì) of the Qin dynasty. info) February 259 –12 July 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China.Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.Qin Shi Huang ( Chinese: 秦 始皇, pronunciation ( help Both blocks provided analgesia that was superior to general anaesthesia alone during the initial 2 h after surgery.Ĭhinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR1800017671.Ĭopyright © 2021 European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Serratus anterior plane blocks are quicker and easier to perform than paravertebral blocks and provide comparable analgesia in patients having video-assisted thoracic surgery. Compared with general anaesthesia alone, the VAS scores at rest and while coughing, and the Prince-Henry pain scores for the two blocks were significantly lower during the initial 2 h after surgery. As the upper limit of the confidence intervals were less than 1 (all P < 0.001), noninferiority was claimed for all three primary outcomes. The mean difference (95% confidence intervals) in visual analogue scores between the SAPBs and TPVBs was -0.04 (-0.10 to 0.03) cm at rest, -0.22 (-0.43 to -0.01) cm during coughing and -0.10 (-0.25 to 0.05) for Prince-Henry pain scores. We assessed the noninferiority of SAPBs with TPVBs on all three primary pain outcomes using a delta of 1 cm or one point as appropriate. Visual analogue pain scores (0 to 10 cm) at rest and while coughing, and Prince-Henry pain scores (0 to 4 points) were used to assess postoperative analgesia at 2, 24 and 48 h after surgery. The three groups were paravertebral blocks (n = 30) serratus anterior plane blocks (n = 29) and general anaesthesia alone (n = 30). Patients were excluded if they were unable to perform the visual analogue pain scale, or surgery was converted to thoracotomy.īlocks were performed after induction of general anaesthesia. Ninety patients scheduled for video-assisted thoracic lobectomy or segmentectomy were randomised. Shanghai Chest Hospital, between August 2018 and November 2018. We tested the primary hypothesis that SAPBs provide noninferior analgesia compared with TPVBs for video-assisted thoracic surgery. ![]() However, it remains unknown whether the analgesic efficacy of a SAPB is comparable to that of a TPVB. Serratus anterior plane blocks (SAPBs) and thoracic paravertebral blocks (TPVBs) can both be used for video-assisted thoracic surgery. ![]()
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